Racism in Divine Wind by Gary Disher Essay - 629 Words

Today I want to address the issues of the novel Divine Wind authored by Gary Disher. Throughout the novel many problems occur. Some of the main problems are racial and equality issues. Events in this book show how prejudice and intolerance can ruin numerous friendships and change lives. When WWII was declared in Broome, Western Australia 1939 to 1945 Japan became Australia’s enemy, Asia is approximately 3,862 miles away from the coast of Broome, due to this, people from Asia that country looking for an escape would easily get on a boat an sail to the tip, Broome then suddenly exposed to more people who are different from the norm. Concerns about the Japanese-Australians as well as Aboriginals had an impact on Australians as they†¦show more content†¦Australia in this time was quite defensive about whom they trusted. Even Japanese-Australians, they had an issue towards them simply because the higher authorities thought they would turn on them. Disher tries to imply his view that loyalty within the authorities was at high demand and this portrays the distrust they held against anyone who questioned them. The judgment against the aboriginal and Japanese people increased during the war period. An example for this would be the name calling by the locals at the Penrose family even though they stayed loyal towards each other and their friends. ABORIGINAL RACISM In the chapter ‘Desired earth’ there was a discussion between Morrissey who is a military commander, Lester Webb, Carl and Alice who takes care of derby whom is aboriginal. â€Å"The abos are going to be a liability if the japs land† Morrissey to Carl And â€Å"if the abos cause trouble we can shoot them, no questions asked† Lester to Alice They all had a discussion about the ‘foreign’ people and how they would turn against Australian people, all three men made harsh statements while Alice stood up for what she believed. They as in aboriginal and Japanese people are not bad. JAPANESE INTERNMENT (concentration camps for Japanese people) During WWII and around that time period things got pretty heated towards different races, Chinese taxi drivers were bashed and when they would be selling their goods at markets to get money to even survive they wouldShow MoreRelatedThe Construction of Derby Boxer-Divine Wind1116 Words   |  5 PagesThe Divine Wind – Q1 The Construction of Derby Boxer In the years preceding the First World War, Australia was rife with racism, sexism, suspicion, and class prejudice. However, Broome in Australia’s north-west, was a place of notable exception. Its inhabitants of Japanese, Aboriginal and European lived in a semi-balance of equality. This relationship was needed because; only as a symbiotic society could the community develop and grow in such an isolated and remorseless environment. Gary Disher’s

Walking The Walk, Talking The Talk. Student’S Name....

Walking the Walk, Talking the Talk Student’s Name Institution Affiliation Walking the Walk, Talking the Talk Question one When criminal activities such as mugging, gang war, rape, killings, and many more occur, it is normal for the focus of the society to shit to the victims of such crime and their material losses. But the immediate and more tangible losses brought about due to criminal activity, there exists a more abstract problem in the form of fear of crime. As confirmed by the police officers and backed-up by the crime statistics, there is no crime problem at the Senior Citizen’s Center. The fact that news about criminal activities occurring elsewhere spreads rapidly within the center has led to increased fear†¦show more content†¦At the Senior Citizens’ Center, the primary cause of this fear of crime is the media. Even though the neighborhood does not have a crime problem and the levels of crime in the area is very low, the senior residents are not willing to participate in evening walks in the park like they used to before. The new reluctance stems from the res idents worry regarding all the crime that they see in the news and read about in the papers. Information travels quickly within the area and news regarding criminal activities elsewhere resonates with the residents making them fearful both individually and collectively. Through the media, they learn of criminal activities in other parts, develop a fear of crime, and subscribe to perceptions that certain situations are closely associated with criminal behaviors. Hence, crime in other places propagated through the media is the major cause of the fear of crime within the center. Question four Effective community policing should diminish any fears of crime that the citizens within a particular neighborhood have. The fact that the individuals at the senior citizens center are fearful from the crime they see in other areas means that the community policing function that is currently in existence is a little bit inadequate. One thing that is missing is the deliberate, non-enforcement, face-to-face contact between the police officers and the residents in the area. SuchShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Greek Mythology on Western Culture5592 Words   |  23 Pagesnature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. They were a part of religion in ancient Greece. Modern scholars refer to, and study, the myths, in an attempt to throw light on the religious and political institutions of Ancient Greece, its civilization, and to gain understanding of the nature of myth-making itself. And Greek mythology is embodied in a large collection of narratives, and implicitly in Greek representational arts, such as vase-paintings andRead MoreSantrock Edpsych Ch0218723 Words   |  75 PagesCognitive Development of changes dictated by the child’s genetic blueprint. Just as a sunflower grows in an orderly way (unless defeated by an unfriendly environment), so does a child grow in an orderly way, according to the maturational view. We walk before we talk, speak one word before two words, grow rapidly in infancy and less so in childhood, and experience a rush of sexual hormones in puberty after a lull in childhood. The maturationists acknowledge that extreme environments (those that are physicallyRead MoreFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 Pagesthan the poet himself in a particular life situation. 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The street lamps dimly lit the rain-soaked streets †Creative Writing Free Essays

The street lamps dimly lit the rain-soaked streets of the small town in which I live. Terraced houses line each side of the narrow streets and the sound of raindrops on tiled roofs constantly drum in my ears. The streets are totally empty, not even the odd car or person breaks the monotony of the black tarmac. We will write a custom essay sample on The street lamps dimly lit the rain-soaked streets – Creative Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now A rusty iron fence surrounds the small park by the houses and the play area is deserted and broken. The sky is dark and overcast, with the occasional roll of thunder rumbling in the distance. By ten o’clock my shift at the local supermarket is over and I have to begin the long, mind-numbing walk home. The supermarket car park is covered in red, yellow and brown leaves from the old trees at the side of the road and I struggle across the slippery surface until I reach the dark subway that leads under the main road to the terraces. The subway walls are covered in graffiti while broken bottles and cigarette ends line the floor. I always feel slightly nervous when walking through this subway; its intimidating darkness makes me uneasy. Emerging from the subway I meet the usual dim glow of street lamps illuminating the small terraced houses that, to me, signified safety and protection. â€Å"Empty your pockets!† shouted a gruff voice, as a man jumped out from the side of the subway exit, â€Å"Give me your money or I’ll kill you!† There stood a tall, well built man, dressed in dark, ragged clothes in an aggressive stance with his fist raised and his other hand in his pocket. He wore a hooded top concealing most of his face, except his black rotting teeth and his stubble covered chin. His shoes had holes and there were cuts and scars on his face. He shivered and shook while the rain soaked him through as he pinned me against the wall. â€Å"Please don’t hurt me,† I begged. â€Å"I’ve done nothing wrong.† â€Å"I said empty your pockets!† repeated the man â€Å"What do you want from me?† I asked nervously. â€Å"If you don’t give me your money, I’ll†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he nodded his head towards his pocket, where my eyes met with the tip of a shining object that I presumed was a knife. â€Å"Ok, just please don’t hurt me!† By now I was petrified, so I nervously put my hands in my pockets and scrambled around for and loose change and then pulled everything out and dropped it on the floor. The man immediately bent down to pick up the coppers and chocolate bar that fell to the floor. He counted the change rapidly and put the chocolate in his pocket. â€Å"What’s in your jacket?† the man shouted. â€Å"N-n-n-nothing,† I stammered. â€Å"Don’t lie!† he shouted, as his voice became more and more desperate. â€Å"Now take your jacket off and give it to me!† I didn’t move. â€Å"Give it to me!† the man screamed at the top of his voice as he tore off my jacket and turned it upside-down to empty it. My wallet, keys and mobile phone fell out and as the man bent down to pick them up I spied my chance to make a run for it. I hesitated to think of my escape route but this proved to be a huge mistake. As I tried to run, the man got a hold of my trailing foot and dragged me to the ground, my feeble body could not escape the grasp of the man. He stared down at me and then kicked me in the stomach to stop me getting the same idea of trying to escape again. Lying in a puddle, I watched him gather the phone and wallet; leaving the keys and throwing away the wallet once he had taken the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 that was in there. â€Å"This doesn’t look like nothing, does it?† he screamed with his face right next to mine, holding the crumpled note in front of my eyes. â€Å"Does it?† â€Å"N-n-no† I managed to say. â€Å"Get up!† he shouted angrily. I scrambled to my feet, still holding my stomach to try to suppress the pain of being kicked. â€Å"Yes?† I didn’t actually want to know what he wanted. â€Å"I’ll see you again later.† He said it with an evil smile and chilling abruptness, and then he turned away and walked, with a limp, towards the subway. As the dark figure merged with the darkness, the thought of how long ‘later’ would be, and what he would do then, ran through my mind. During the confrontation, the rain had turned to hail without me realising, and the hail was stinging my cold, wet face. I was breathing heavily as I picked up my keys and torn coat, draping it over my head. I turned towards the street, still in a state of shock over what had happened and began to take nervous footsteps towards home. Soon the nervous footsteps turned to a sprint when I had come to terms with what had just happened. The street and houses turned to a blur and somehow I just kept running, all the way to the entrance of my street, where I had to stop and coordinate myself in order to find my house. I reached in the pocket of my jacket to retrieve my keys, and slowly found my way to number 56. The keys had a constant jingle, due to my hand’s vigorous shivering, which also made it hard to get it in the lock and open the door. After a minute of nervous frustration the door opened, I jumped in and shut the door behind me. How to cite The street lamps dimly lit the rain-soaked streets – Creative Writing, Papers

Term Structure of Interest Rates - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Term Structure of Interest Rates. Answer: Introduction The above topic is the contemporary issue in economic chosen for this deliberation. The QE has not been able to spark inflation as there are nagging fears that QE individually trigger deflation. This has compelled the European Central Bank (ECB) to seem poised to reduce the discount rate below zero in the coming few days. This will become the 1st of the monetary superpower to venture into such uncultivated waters. While QE was projected to stimulate the economy as well as pool people out of the deflation, the reverse is being achieved. This has been evidenced when the third round of QE in the United States failed to increase the anticipation of inflations. It has not worked as well as in Japan either. This was noted by the Wall Street journal even during the year 2010. Approximately ten years after the central bank of Japan first experimented with this QE policy, Japan stays mired in the deflation. This is the general decrease in wages as well as prices which has crippled Japans economy. The QE began in Bank of Japan (BOJ) in 2001. It then remained precise that pushing rates of interest down towards zero for the prolonged duration had been unable to get to the economy moving (Bibow 2016). After 5 years of gradually enlarging its bond purchases BOJ dropped the efforts in 2006. This has been illustrated below: Initially, it seemed that QE had succeeded in the economic stabilization and stopping the price slides. However, the deflation resumed with a vengeance over the previous two years thereby putting the bank of Japan on the critical spot. It is, therefore, rational to examine why QE failed to work in Japan (Chovancov and Hudcovsk 2016). It has been asserted by critics that Japanese Central Bank was not aggressive sufficiently in launching as well as enlarging its bond-purchasing scheme-then dropped QE too soon. Other critics have heled that Japan merely waited too long to get back to the QE policy. Nevertheless, despite Japan having gone all in since then on astounding degrees of QE, it is still stalled in the deflation. Other instance is UK that engage in significant QE, but the rates of inflation are declining in UK as well. Also, China partook enormous quantities of QE, nonetheless it is as well as falling into the deflation. In fact, in spite of enormous QE by the United States, China and Japan, there is presently a global risk of deflation. Thus, it is rationale to examine why QE problem has never worked (Lavoie 2017). Max Keiser, financial commentator, trader as well as inventor of high frequency trading has made his argument for months on the explanation of QEs failure. In the first step, QE has failed by throwing easy cash at the zombie banks. Also, the huge banks utilize that easy cash in speculation rather than becoming more sturdy as well as lending it out to the Main Street. The speculation as well as absence of lending reduces the real economy (Main Street) vitality. Accordingly, end product is the deflation instead of inflation (Makabe 2017). The evidence is support of the above Keisers argument is available. For example, the failing to break up big banks has been destructive to America. This is because the size of the Big Banks is literally causing destruction to the rule of law. In other words, the confidence in the system remained very fragile because fraud disclosure in these Big Banks might lead to a run. Simply put, the big bankers remain too big to jail since disclosing a share of the enormous fraud would trigger bank runs. The chief inspiration behind the indulgence of administration of serious criminality evidently is the fear of aftermaths of taking threatening actions on the individual bankers (Ito 2004). The banks executives only strive to build their banks to be as big as they can so that they can keep expanding. Once a big is big enough, the bank together with its staff remain not just too huge to fail, but further too big to jail. Again, the size of these banks enables them to rig the market. Adam Smith (father of free market economics) was aware that economy is hurt by monopolies. As shown by the Libor scandal, the size alongside concentration of the hugest banks permits them to commit enormous manipulation in the global hugest markets, and to partake in insider trading on unprecedented scale in history (Lavoie 2017). It has also been shown by former New York Fed economist, Richard Alford, trading floor economist as well as strategist that banks acquire such huge benefit from info asymmetry thereby disrupting the free market. The evidence of market manipulation has also been shown by Joseph Stiglitz, Nobel Prize winning economist that giants including Goldman are utilizing their sixe to manipulate it. For example, Goldman has raised the question of size (too big to fail) as the chief problem. Goldman have substantial share of trades in certain markets which is significant because it allows Goldman to trade on both their propriety desks alongside on customers behalf. Accordingly, Goldman draws a substantial share of each trade, and hence sufficient information (van den End and de Haan 2014). It is thus apparent from the above case that bailing the big banks out to the tune of huge trillions have dragged the economy to its foot from where it is inescapable. Only when the big banks are broken up, will the people escape this undesirable situation. Therefore, the inability to break the big banks up remains a dooming to the depression. There is a threat of another huger financial crisis unless derivatives are reined in. It is, however, unfortunate that the big banks are hindering the taming of derivatives. History has demonstrated why the QE1 to QE3 failed to generate inflation for the dollars produced were globally absorbed. Moreover, QE has falsely assumed that printed the money shall remain in the national economy yet printed dollars end up overseas. The expansion of money supply of the dollars has been unable to generate any inflation since the ancient theories have unsuccessfully considered the global nature of the global economy along with its currency demand of the present Financial Capital of the globe. The United States is unable to print sufficient money to meet the demands of the world. Economists Weigh In A former Federal Reserve economist Ed Yardeni who held positions at the Board of Governors of Feds and Treasury Department has noted that it is known that there is never transmission mechanism though which the real economy is stimulated by QE. The overarching question here is the reason the globe is unable to appear to shake off such lowflation malaise despite unprecedented QE scale by the United States, Japan, and Britain along with its individual way Switzerland. It has been suggested by Minneapolis Fed Chief (Narayana Kocherlakota) that as earlier as 2011, QE and zero could have perversely be the trigger of deflation rather than the cure which everyone imagined (Murphy and Hines 2010). Economist have attempted to showcase that QE is deflationary by considering a number of situations: a central bank which is deploying the QE is nearly absolutely at 0 lower bound. QE shall solely assist get the economy off the 0 lower bound in case it is paired with a commitment to the higher upcoming inflation. In case the central bank is deploying QE over a prolonged time duration, that implies it has never paired QE with a commitment to the higher upcoming inflation. Extended QE efficiently signifies the unwillingness by the central bank to commit to upper inflation. QE thus supports the anticipation that economic activity shall run beneath prospective while demand shocks shall never be fully offset. QE shall be linked to a general disinflationary pattern. The diagram below gives a virtual explication of the five-year breakeven beginning 2012 September, when the Federal commenced QE3, the initial asset-buy plan with no end period: Based on what is done by the central bank, QE can either be inflationary or deflationary. QE could be deflationary in the long run since the excess capacity remains deflationary and the mechanisms to speak to QE is to close it down. In fact, it is anticipated that China that has partook enormous QE for now to exert the deflationary pressure on the international economy. The unproductive venture is by nature eventually deflationary. This indicates the point worth remembering when venturing in paper assets facilitated by QE liquidity and never underpinned by the sustainable growth of economy. The diagram can help illustrate why this is so: The above diagram illustrates a graph of an interest rate increase from zero- to five percent (blue dash) and the probable equilibrium values for inflation (red) where k=1 and p=1. As is evident, it is perfectly probable, in spite of price-stickiness of the novel-Keynesian Phillips curve, to view the super-neutral outcome, inflation increases instantly. It shows an interesting situation of how easy is to achieve positive inflation out of rate of interest increase in the above simple novel-Keynesian model with stickiness of price. The world remains different. This implies that lessons learnt in the previous do not essentially apply to the interest on the plentiful excess reserves globe to which people are heading to. The means that prescribe the negative reaction of inflation to rate of interest rises are a lot more tenuous than one could have imagined. Provided such a downward drift in the inflation, it remains a notion which is worth playing with. The fundamental logic remains pretty precise: increasing the nominal rates of interest either increases inflation or upsurges real rate of interest. In case real rate of interest increases, it has to upsurge consumption growth. The projection is solely counterintuitive since for quite an extended time, people have convinced themselves of the reverse. The monetary policy will increasingly be perverse following Feds payment of interest on reserves held by banks with it. In case Neo-Fisherites are correct, the all that has been done by Feds in attempting to stimulate economy is not only useless but also backward (Goodhart 2013). Presently, the irresistible majority of empirical research indicates that QE alongside Fed easing generally, incline towards increasing inflation in the short run. However, a question is raised in case this is at the lower inflation cost in the long run. Japan has held rates of interest at zero for several years with economy being in and out of deflation. Enormous QE markedly failed to make the United States hit the projected two percent inflation target. A question begs that what if the mainstream macroeconomics is wrong, and extended durations of low rates of interest trap people in a type of secular stagnation which is completely distinct (Ziemann and Gurard 2017). QE has only helped in the short term but is hurtful to the economy in the long term. Originally, long-run rates of interest decline much more than witnessed in an economy without QE policy. This implies that succeeding economic recovery is realized sooner (tier 1). Nevertheless, as the economy gets up, long-run rates increase abruptly as domestic bond market subjects fear the central bank must mop up each excess reserves by unloading its long-run bonds holdings (Harari 2013). Subsequently, demand falls in rate of interest sensitive sectors like automobiles as well as housing resulting in slow of economy and compelling the central bank to ease its policy position. The economy will in turn incline towards recovery again, however, as market players reemphasize on probability of central bank absorbing extra reserves, long-run rates outpour in a recurrent cycle christened the QE trap (Belke and Polleit 2010). In economies without QE, tentatively, the drop in long-run rates become additionally gradual, that lags the beginning of recovery (tier 2). Nevertheless, because it is needless to mop up enormous fund quantities by the central banks, everyone is no more at ease once the recovery begins, and the increase in long-run rates remains far more gradual (Angelo 2017). Once the economy begins to turn around, the recovery pace becomes really swifter since rates of interest remain lower as shown below: Concussion To sum up, QE fails in several other ways like failing to assist the economy. It also assist the rich but extremely hurts the poor. It remains among the leading causes of disparity. The runway disparity cripples economy. Thus QE hurts the economy indirectly by escalating runaway disparity as it is nothing but a Ponzi game. References Angelo, D., 2017. Impact of Quantitative Easing on the Term Structure of Interest Rates. Belke, A. and Polleit, T., 2010. How much fiscal backing must the ECB have? The euro area is not (yet) the Philippines. conomie internationale, (4), pp.5-30. Bibow, J., 2016. From Antigrowth Bias to Quantitative Easing: The ECB's Belated Conversion?. Chovancov, B. and Hudcovsk, J., 2016. Quantitative Easing in Europe and its Impact on the Stock Market. Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 12(3), p.155. Goodhart, C.A., 2013. The potential instruments of monetary policy. Central Bank Review, 13(2), p.1. Harari, D., 2013. Japans economy: from the lost decade to Abenomics. House of Commons Library, Standard Note SN06629. London: Oct, 24. Ito, T., 2004. Inflation Targeting and Japan: why has the Bank of Japan not adopted inflation targeting? (No. w10818). National Bureau of Economic Research. Lavoie, M., 2017. Rethinking monetary theory in light of Keynes and the crisis. Brazilian Keynesian Review, 2(2), pp.174-188. Makabe, K., 2017. Buying Time: Environmental Collapse and the Future of Energy. University Press of New England. Murphy, R. and Hines, C., 2010. Green quantitative easing: Paying for the economy we need. van den End, J.W. and de Haan, J., 2014. Europes banking problem through the lens of secular stagnation. Ziemann, V. and Gurard, B., 2017. Reaping the benefits of global value chains in Turkey.

Josef Mengele Was Born In 1911 In The Bavarian Village Of Gunzburg, Ge

Josef Mengele was born in 1911 in the Bavarian village of Gunzburg, Germany. Josef's parents were devout Catholics, and saw to it that he and his two brothers were raised accordingly. Mengele had always dreamed of a career in science and anthropology. In 1930, he graduated from high school and was accepted to the University of Munich. Munich is the capital of Bavaria, and was at that time the center of the National Socialist movement. It was while studying in Munich that Mengele was swept up by the nationalistic ideology of the Nazis. Although Mengele studied medicine in Munich, it took a back seat to eugenics. Eugenics is the study of genetics. He was interested in discovering the sources of human physical deformities. Mengele received his Ph.D. in 1935. He began working at a university medical clinic in Leipzig in 1936. Mengele was accepted into the Schutzstaffel, or "Elite Guard", in 1938. His membership in the SS gave him great power. Mengele was assigned to Auschwitz in 1943. His stated mission there was to perform research on human genetics. His real goal, however, was to eradicate inferior gene strands from the human population in order to create a German super-race. Witnesses at Auschwitz say that Mengele's selections, in which he decided who was to live and who was to die, seemed to provide enjoyment to him. It has also been said that he had no conscience. He could brutally beat a prisoner one-minute and then be in a cheerful mood the next. What earned Mengele his nickname, "The Angel of Death," wasn't his selections or beatings. It was his inhuman experiments. He dissected live infants. He castrated men and boys without anesthetic. He administered high-voltage shocks to women in order to "test their endurance." These are only a few examples of the many cruel and disgusting experiments he performed in the name of science. Some psychiatrists believe that Mengele didn't take pleasure in inflicting pain. Rather he enjoyed the power in deciding who died and when. Mengele's favorite "specimens" were twins. He was fascinated by twins, and he treated them very well. He gave the guards specific orders not to abuse them. They enjoyed extra rations, better clothing, and better living conditions. They were called "Mengele's children." This does not mean, however, that they were spared. It is ironic that the twins he cared for so much bore the brunt of his experiments. In order to determine if eye color could be changed, he injected dye into the twins' eyes. This often caused blindness. If these twins died, he collected their eyes and pinned them to the wall of his office. Other twins had limbs removed without anesthetic. Still others were injected with infectious chemicals to see how long it would take their bodies to succumb to various diseases. Mengele's experimentation had nothing to do with true scientific research. Rather it was his ambitious and zealous adherence to the Nazi vision of Aryan supremacy. And ironically, it yielded no new discoveries in the field of genetics. Mengele escaped from Auschwitz in 1945 as the Red Army closed in. He made his way to Argentina. The Israeli government was actively hunting for Nazis in South America into the 1970's. They successfully captured Adolf Eichmann, the architect of the "Final Solution." They had no such luck in their search for Mengele, however. He drowned in Brazil in 1979.

Nixon essays

Nixon essays It is natural to want to trace a persons actions during his adult years to his early life. Richard M. Nixon is no different. Throughout his political career, he exhibited a fire within-a fierce will to settle scores and triumph over others. A difficult upbringing scorned Nixon for life. Since he was raised in a lower-class, struggling family, Richard always felt a hatred of those who had it easy in life. He felt that since he had to work to achieve success, all others should have to do the same. Of course, life does not work like this, and Nixon could never get over this harsh reality. These resentments and insecurities of the rich translated into professional resentment of those who opposed him Democrats, liberals, and the Eastern establishment. Nixon felt that it was these people who were always after him. For Nixon, he was never let alone, there were always those who wanted his head. It is for this reason that he clung so fiercely to any position of power. He loved being the President of the United States more than anything, and it broke his heart to have to resign. Also, most of Nixons early life was spent as an outsider. He was from a lower class background, and for that reason alone many of his colleagues did not fully respect him. Out of college, he was shunned by the great Eastern law firms. In his early politics, he was neglected by his own party because of his background. Even as vice president, he was not allowed in Eisenhowers inner circle. These experiences left him bitter and determined to be president. Not only for the prestige of the position, but because as president he would be the one who was on the inside. Everybody would be below him in rank, and he could use this advantage to be the focal point of America. Also, he would gain some revenge on those rich, debonair folks who had before eschewed him. For all of his hard work and tenacity, Nixon can not be regarded ...

Legal Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal Issue - Essay Example In turn, a disability is (A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of such individual; or (B) a record of such impairment; or (C) being regarded as having such an impairment.[5] The EEOC defines "a mental impairment" as "any mental or psychological disorder, such as mental retardation, organic brain syndrome, Bi-Polar Disorder II, emotional or mental illness, and specific learning disabilities,"[6] for purposes of the ADA.[7] Thus, the question becomes whether this impairment substantially limits a major life activity.[8] Interacting with others is a major life activity under the ADA Interacting with others is indisputably an activity of central importance to daily life, and the EEOC has recognized it as a major life activity in its compliance manual.[9] Additionally, interacting with others is considered a major life activity under the Rehabilitation Act, and such recognition under the ADA would serve the legislative purpose of rectifying stereotypes about the mentally disabled.[10] Neither the Supreme Court nor the Second Circuit have addressed the issue of whether interacting with others is a major life activity.[11] The only circuit to have squarely addressed the issue has adopted it as a major life activity,[12] and no circuit has held that interacting with others is not a major life activity.[13] An Appellate Court has de novo review of a lower court's conclusion that the ability to interact with o thers is a major life activity.[14] In Toyota, the Supreme Court explained that "the term major life activity as used in the ADA, refers to those activities that are of central importance to daily life."[15] Because major life activity is not defined in the ADA, it should be construed according to its ordinary and natural meaning.[16] The plain meaning of the word "major" denotes an activity that is important and significant,[17] as well as basic. It is an "activity that the average person in the general population can perform with little or no difficulty."[18] Interact is defined by the dictionary to mean to "act upon one another."[19] Interacting with others is an important and significant function and "easily falls within the definition of 'major life activity.'"[20] - quoted properly referenced It is necessary for

Summary 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Summary 3 - Essay Example On the other hand, other people like and encourage the violence in hockey. They see it as a customer magnet. Clubs sponsors and media also demand this violence since it increases profits as games are sold out and papers sell(Miedzian, 187). Therefore, a child who views these players are inclined to think naturally and Little does he or she know that the extreme violence he sees often grows more out of the owners commercial interests than players inclinations as players who do not participate in violence endanger their jobs(Miedzian, 188). A child knows violence outside sports is disapproved of but violence in sports is approved of by society. This unbalances the child who thought sports is about skill and talent but now knows sports is about winning and it means doing anything to win bad or good(Miedzian, 189).What are sports all about? It is about competitiveness not to win but to be the best. It is also about being a task master, by setting goals and achieving them. It is having self-esteem and confidence in

Recommendation Letter for Studying at the Oxford University Essay

Recommendation Letter for Studying at the Oxford University - Essay Example Since his graduation, he is conducting researches under my direct supervision as I am his scientific advisor for past two years. His dissertation topic is based on institutional aspects of states of Central Asian states. We co-operate each other strongly while handling different scientific and educational issues. Sergey has shown great efficiency and accuracy in carrying out his responsibilities while working on joint scientific projects (like ‘World Political dynamics’). He also has an innovative and creative approach towards problem-solving. The qualities of responsible nature, positive energy and optimism have gained him respect from his colleagues. All these dynamic qualities have led Sergey to achieve steady and fast progress. Sergey has passed all his University examinations with an â€Å"A† grade marking. Sergey’s distinguished qualities have helped him to outperform students not only from his own academic group but also from the whole department. His academic achievements, especially in the scientific field, are worth mentioning. Sergey’s projects were always among the best in his academic group. The depth of analysis, precision and the logical conclusions of his scientific work have always brought him victory and recognition at different contests and conferences. Also, a number of his scientific works are extremely impressive. At present, ten of Sergey’s articles are published in Political Science publications. Two of the ten articles are published in scientific magazines registered by the SCC (Superior Certification Commission). Getting ten articles published at this early phase of career is a great achievement in itself. Now, under my supervision, he has written a new article, ‘Stateness problems: basic approaches to conceptualization’, which will be his eleventh published article.

Exploring Modernism In Architecture: Louis Kahn

Exploring Modernism In Architecture: Louis Kahn For my essay on Modernism in architecture I intend to explore an architect of the modernist period in order to establish the form, philosophy and social ideas behind modernism. The term modern architecture is ambiguous. It can be understood to refer to all buildings of the modern period regardless of their ideological basis, or it can be understood more specifically as an architecture conscious of its own modernity and striving for change. Modern architecture is a category which usually complements buildings of the 20th and 21st century. It would include Bauhaus / International styles (sometimes used to describe Bauhaus architecture in United States) and also brutalism. Modernism was a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of the Art Deco, Art Nouveau and the Victorian ages. However, it is still a matter of taste. Even though Bauhaus, a German design school  (Operated from 1919-33 By founder Walter Gropius, then by Hans Mayer and Ludwig Mies der Van Rohe) which had profoundly influenced arts and architecture had been more concerned with social aspects of design; none the less, International style soon became a symbolism of Capitalism. Fig.2 shows an interesting and most famous example of this International style. This style of architecture was reserved mainly for office blocks, but was also seen in homes built for the rich and famous. Fig.2 shows another building widely known for its functionalist aesthetic and a masterpiece of corporate modernism. There were many architects who attached their name to this modernistic era, some of the best known being Frank Lloyd Wright(fig.6), Walter Gropius(fig.5), Le Corbusier(fig.2) and Ludwig Mies der Van Rohe(fig.3). 6Fig.6 shows Falling water which was a truly iconic building for many. Wrights design which was for a residential home was above a waterfall. This building portrayed his view of organic architecture. Modern architecture was found to be challenging traditional teachings which were thought to be suitable for architectural design and structure. Modernists designers went on to argue that architects should design everything which is necessary for society. From every detail and furniture in the interior and exteriors of buildings and even led to architects designing the most humble of buildings. I have looked at the broader definition of modernism along with the pioneers who drove this style. Louis Kahn is the architect I have chosen to study in depth. His views of modernism are well known through the modern world of architecture. Louis Kahn Itze-Leib Schmuilowsky (February 20, 1901 or 1902 March 17, 1974), or more commonly known in the world of architecture as Louis Kahn was an architect who was infused within the International style. Kahn graduated from the University Of Pennsylvania School Of Fine Arts in 1924. In the late 1930s Kahns was working as a consultant to the Philadelphia Housing Authority. His affiliation with modern architecture grew as he worked with Europeans Stonorov and George Howe with whom Kahn designed many wartime housing projects which can be seen in fig.8. From these experiences it gave Kahn a sense of social responsibility which was later reflected in his philosophy. 1947 was a year where the Kahn started to emerge. His career had established to a point where he had started a teaching career at Yale University as the Chief Critic in Architectural Design and Professor of Architecture, until 1957. Then at the University of Pennsylvania as Cret Professor of Architecture until his death lonely deat h in a mens room toilet in Pennsylvania Station in New York. Kahn died in deep debt despite his affluent career. Louis Kahn was a critique of mainstream modernism; his work represented the New Monumentality movement which was also promoted by Siegfried Gieldion, Josep Llios Sert and Kahns mentor George Howe. Kahns buildings are incredibly precise in their construction of places for people. I found some pieces of Kahns work particularly interesting to study from a modernistic architectural view. From the list of his most important works I have selected a few which I believe to be particularly symbolic to this essay. From more than a dozen houses which had been designed by Kahn Esherick House was the most renowned. I found Esherick house to one of his most wonderful pieces of work which shows us the direction which he later followed in. A critique says: The Esherick House is definitely one of Kahns most important works which defined lessons hed go on to use in later projects. By this I believe he means that Kahn was finding his element which he had then go onto use in later projects. Kahns career comprises of a lot of interesting work, however, Esherick house stands as one of his most important pieces of work. In the making of the house the control of light had been the preoccupation since the start, and he truly had achieved harmony through natural light as well as distinct style through the transcendence and geometric detail. Kahns principles of light, materiality and geometry are clearly visible here. He starts to impose his future views of form in subtle characteristics of this house. At a glance it is simply concrete and wood which combine to create the facades and interior spaces. The house features a textured mortar finish, with keyhole window which are framed with natural Apilong wood placed at irregular intervals on the front faà §ade. The floor plan is a refined design by Kahn. It is shown to contain two symmetrical rectangles which allow struc tural support and openness. This truly modernistic structure shows how Kahns work would unfold in later years. The Esherick houses pure use of geometry and abstract form reflect his modernistic approach to architecture. Kahns work is much greater dipected in his later and much larger projects. The Salk Laboratories which was developed by Dr Jonas Salk, the developer of polio vaccine had intended for a laboratory which was not just somewhere for biological research, but a place which you could invite a man like Picasso.13 The materials used for this vast project were concrete, wood, marble and he also used the element of water in his design which as the massive complex was juxtaposed against the Pacific Ocean was fitting. I found a very fitting description of The Salk laboratories: Kahns use of order before form shows us how he depicted a building to be like a perfect organism with complexity of use inside as well as on the outside. I found a very interesting quote from Kahn about the Salk laboratories. His philosophy of design shows use the kind of man he was and intentions he perused: I did not follow the dictates of the scientists, who said that they are so dedicated to what they are doing that when lunchtime comes all they do is clear away the test tubes from the benches and eat their lunch on these benches. I asked them: was it not a strain with all these noises? And they answered: the noises of the refrigerators are terrible; the noises of centrifuges are terrible; the trickling of the water is terrible. Everything was terrible including the noises of the air-conditioning system. So I would not listen to them as to what should be done. And I realised that there should be a clean air and stainless steel area, and a rug and oak table area. From this realisation form became. I separated the studies from the laboratory and placed them over gardens. The garden became outdoor spaces where one can talk. Now one need not spend all the time in the laboratories. When one knows what to do, there is only little time one needs for doing it. It is only when one does not know what to do that it takes so much time. And to know what to do is the secret of it all. I deduce from this extract Kahns knowledge and confidence. I see how Kahn believed in a new modern form of architecture. He says it as if he already has the thoughts and ideas to transform buildings into styled and ordered space. Kahns interpretations were seemingly much clearer; he wanted a modern architecture less concerned with aesthetics and what the building looks like. He was more intrigued by the spaces of the building and how the spaces were being used, and what order this would create for them. He wanted to make spaces which would affect the experiences of those who inhabited those spaces. Salk laboratory shows us a design which had predominantly established the foundational significance; order of space an then the geometries. He used this structure of thought for his designs of all institutions such as Salk laboratories. The final version of the Salk laboratories brought him to accept a solution in which services were as repressed or concealed as in any office building by Mies Van der Rohe From this large project he moved onto a next, however, this one remaining unbuilt whilst he was still living. Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban in Dhaka, Bangladesh is regarded to be on this is great monuments of international modernism. This building was considered as his masterpiece of his lifetime. Construction of this building had stated by 1961 however due to its vast enormity didnt finish construction until nine years after his death in 1983 which means it took around 20 years to build. The national assembly building was Kahns most important piece of work. The space was very grand. The interior area for the Assembly building was spilt into 3 sections. The zone in the centre provides circulation. The main area or central zone is for the main assembly. The exterior zone is where the offices and lounges are, also this is where the entrance to the main mosque is. In the design we can see how natural light is a very important element in this building. The building seems as if it is solely for religious purposes and has a heavy spiritual flair. In the assembly I have introduced a light-giving element to the interior of the plan. If you see a series of columns you can say that the choice of columns is a choice in light. The columns as solids frame the spaces of light. Now think of it just in reverse and think that the columns are hollow and much bigger and that their walls can themselves give light, then the voids are rooms, and the column is the maker of light and can take on complex shapes and be the supporter of spaces and give light to spaces. I am working to develop the element to such an extent that it becomes a poetic entity which has its own beauty outside of its place in the composition. In this way it becomes analogous to the solid column I mentioned above as a giver of light. Here Kahn talks about the Bangladesh project. He reiterates the importance of light in the space and his poetic entity which he adds to every design to create a great sense of beauty. In the designing of these three projects we can see how Kahn has used his knowledge to help create spaces which execute both form and function desirably to the client. Kahn talks about how his greater understanding of what is needed helps him complete his task easily. Kahn talks about beauty as the great philosopher St Thomas Aquinas did. Aquinas believed that beauty consisted of four ingredients: Integrity, wholeness, symmetry, and radiance. By integrity he meant that something is complete on its own without any being dependant on anything outside it. By wholeness he means every part has a reason and cant be taken away without destroying the whole beauty of it. Symmetry referring to balance, something cant just change without a corresponding result. This was similar the constants which had appeared in Kahns work. The sense of composition, the integrity of a building reverence for material, sense of room, light as the maker of the structure and architecture of connection Kahn tried to apply these models into all of his projects. One even described him as: a philosopher among architects. This is from his every expressing philosophy on his work. Essentially Kahn saw architecture as being a spiritual form of communication. He grew a strong relation with each project by applying a strong hierarchy with order being the most important. Kahn was famous for being a critique of modernism. He found many influential architects of the time to have been misjudging the order of their designs. Kahns critue started with him rejecting a free plan; a concept which Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier had attached themselves to, along with modernism. Kahn believed that separating these two concepts of form from the structure, would mean the free plan as previously interpreted by Van de Rohe and Le Corbusier had opened up a void that could only be filled with subjective intuition. Essentially Kahns work did seem consistent with that of the broader view of architecture however, his view of modern architecture was something which was unpredictable and had no rules to follow or principles to ad ear to. He found that the international style of modern architecture at the time which was being used by many architects in America and Europe had been too concerned with the form and not the function. Kahn was concerned with the things man has been looking for since the beginning and in this he was a fundamentalist was not interested in the realization, of something which had already occurred, but in the possibility that something will occur within the walls This tells us that Kahn was more of Prophet than simply a preacher. He wanted to change the views on architecture and introduce what he believed to be the necessary condition for the presence of architecture. Miess sensitivites react to imposed structural order with little inspiration, Le Corbusier passes through order impatiently and hurries to form. Kahn talked about Mies Van der Rohe and Le Corbusier imperfection in structural order, and their rush of order leads to an imperfection in form. Kahns order derived from nature and this is reflected in his projects. In the nature of space is the spirit and the will to exist in a certain way. Design must closely follow that will. The pure order, form and geometry is why Louis Kahn still influence the world today. His work directly impacts and inspires forms of architecture today such as post modernism and neo rationalist. More than this Louis Kahn redefined modernism. He has thrilled onlookers with his vast philosophy; however his patrons only appeared in his later years. Kahn adapted architecture and had an input as to what we see when we analyse today. He showed us in his vast texts, to every detail the visions he had, and how he intended to erect these visions. Predominately we can see that he was drifting away from modernism, however, I have studied how Kahns vision set modernism into track somewhere that it wouldnt have been without his influence. It was not belief, not design, not pattern, but the essence from which an institution could emerge

Gender Roles in The Yellow Wallpaper and A Streetcar Named Desire

Many different depictions of gender roles exist in all times throughout the history of American culture and society. Some are well received and some are not. When pitted against each other for all intents and purposes of opposition, the portrayal of the aspects and common traits of masculinity and femininity are separated in a normal manner. However, when one gender expects the other to do its part and they are not satisfied with the results and demand more, things can shift from normal to extreme fairly quickly. This demand is more commonly attributed by the men within literary works. Examples of this can be seen in Tennessee Williams' â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†, where Stella is constantly being pushed around and being abused by her drunken husband Stanley, and also in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, where the female narrator is claimed unfit by her husband as she suffers from a sort of depression, and is generally looked down on for other reasons. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, Gilman has carefully crafted her sentences and metaphors to instill a picture of lurid and creepy male oppression. The surface of the text contains clues about Gilman’s perceptions of the treatment and roles of women, the narrator stumbling over words like â€Å"phosphates†, her being uncertain whether the correct term was â€Å"phosphates or phosphites† (Gilman 1684), which clearly shows that in her time women had been overlooked in education and because for a time, only men had that privilege, they were able to learn what they had to in order to earn jobs, which is illustrated in her husband and her brother both being â€Å"a physician of high standing† (Gilman 1684). The character Gilman has set up has the qualities and traits of the Victorian woman... ...e. While â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† mainly touches on the treatment of women in Gilman's time and only majorly addresses how negative the reception was for them while the men of her world were well-respected individuals, â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire† makes a commentary on the gender roles of masculinity and femininity as a whole, including the two different portrayals of masculinity and how femininity was still generally looked down upon by American society in the late 1940s, unfortunately noting that not much had changed in the time between the stories passed. Works Cited Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "The Yellow Wallpaper." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007. 1684-1695. Williams, Tennessee. "A Streetcar Named Desire." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007. 2337-2398.

Explore the Dramatic Significane of Lady Bracknell in Act 1

Explore the dramatic significance of Lady Bracknell in Act 1 Throughout Act 1, Oscar Wilde uses the character of Lady Bracknell as a highly comedic character who causes the entire play to come together by unknowingly creating a calamitous chain of events to occur by her refusal to let her daughter Gwendolyn marry to Jack Worthing. She is presented as strict, uptight woman who is very much the Matriarch of the family.One way Wilde presents this idea is when Lady Bracknell is interviewing Jack on whether he should be allowed to marry Gwendolyn. In the interview Lady Bracknell is seen asking Jack questions such as â€Å"Do you smoke† this could indicate the void of old London society where more important issues weren’t considered as important in an world of extravagance, wealth and luxury such as the one they were living in.Lady Bracknell is first and foremost a symbol of Victorian seriousness and the unhappiness it brings as a result. She is powerful, arrogant, ruthless t o the extreme, conservative, and proper. In many ways, she represents Wilde's opinion of Victorian upper-class negativity, conservative values, and power it is also thought that Wilde had fashioned Lady Bracknell by basing her on the hierarchy within it.Her overshadowing presence in act one tells us how the mood and tone dramatically changes when she is in and out of the room, for example when she is not in the room Jack is relaxed and at ease with Gwendolyn, but when she returns and tells Jack to â€Å"rise from this semi-recumbent posture, it is most indecorous† he instantaneously stumbles to get up. It is her question on Jacks parents which eventually leads to the rest of the play falling together when she asks where his parents are, which he replies to that he was abandoned as a child, she comes up with a witty, hilarious remark of â€Å"to lose one parent, Mr.Worthing, may be regarded as a misfortune. To lose both looks like carelessness. † The idea of this statem ent is so ridiculous it is regarded as comical yet it also reveals that she will not Jack to marry Gwendolyn as she believes already that he is reckless and immature and his admission further proves that he is not responsible enough to marry her daughter. This sets of a series of events that lead to the eventual revelation at the end of the play and the humorous events in-between.

Emotion On Stage essays

Emotion On Stage essays What is an actor if she cannot relay to the audience the depth of her character? Convincing an audience that the character truly feels and responds comes from the art of being in touch with ones own feelings and senses. In her book Respect for Acting, Uta Hagen perfectly illustrates the importance and mechanics of keeping in touch with your senses to better live in the mind of your character. In the chapter 3 Substitution, I learned that it is important to flesh out my character after I have found my identity. If I cannot directly relate to my character, I must find substitutions to fully become the character I portray. I learned that if I have difficulty finding a substitution for my act it is because I am trying to be too literal. This is often a tendency of mine. I have to remember all the emotions I as the character feel at that moment. I can say, I want you to leave, but while that is true, deep down inside I want that person to stay. I have to realize the total motive of my character, which will produce the reaction I must have. In chapter 4, Emotional Memory, Hagen describes the response to my substitution as finding the emotional recall. Finding the right sensation that I want produced means that I have discovered the correct substitution. Ignoring all my substitution will rob me of the emotions I must feel and deliver as the character. I can use the its as if... method that The Handbook describes. I have to find the substitutions that stir me, the ones that will draw a reaction from me. Sense Memory in chapter 5, explains the physical responses that I have while I am in character. The body does not lie and my non-verbal messages through action will tell whether or not I am truly in full character. I must fully understand the task at hand as the character in order for my physical actions to take part in the moment ...

The Argument of Abortion †Philosophy Essay

The Argument of Abortion – Philosophy Essay Free Online Research Papers The Argument of Abortion Philosophy Essay In On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion, Mary Anne Warren discusses a few arguments against abortion, namely bringing into play whether the fetus is actually a person, or â€Å"not a member of the moral community†. She defends that abortion is a morally sound action. Don Marquis, in his essay An Argument that Abortion is Wrong, takes the opposite stance. He claims â€Å"that abortion, except perhaps in rare instances, is seriously wrong†. The first thing we read in Warren’s article is the thought experiment first conceived by Judith Thomson. It’s an analogy that uses a normal person, male or female, and a famous violinist. Let’s say the Society of Music Lovers kidnaps you, and hooks you up to this dying violinist. If you choose to unhook yourself, the violinist will die, but if you let him stay hooked up to you to use your kidneys (for a period of nine months), then he will be cured and both of you will be free. Thomson asks what a person’s obligations in this situation are, and, to be consistent with Warren’s argument, she says it would be ridiculous to be stay in bed with the violinist, and thus you are able to leave at any time. You shouldn’t feel responsible for the death of the violinist. But Marquis, in his essay, points out that, while good for dealing with abortions due to rape, the analogy doesn’t hold up. Thomson draws to our attention that in pregnancy a fetus uses the woman’s body for life-support, but the woman doesn’t use a fetus’s body for life support. Thus, in an abortion the life that is lost is the fetus’s, not the woman’s. This leaves us with a standoff. I think this overall analogy is not significantly helpful for either side of the argument. Warren then discusses whether or not abortion is actually the killing of a â€Å"person†, calling into question when a fetus matures to the point of personhood. She defines the moral community as having some (the more the better) of these six characteristics: sentience (capacity to have conscious experiences), emotionality (capacity to feel sad, angry, happy, etc.), reason (capacity to solve new and relatively complex problems), capacity to communicate (by any means), self-awareness (concept of oneself), and finally moral agency (capacity to regulate one’s own actions). This is clearly very sketchy, because infants and mentally or physically challenged people are still referred to and thought of as â€Å"people†, or â€Å"members of the moral community†, despite a lack of many of these traits. Both articles address this idea of personhood, but neither one really wins. The good thing with defining personhood biologically- saying it’s a person at conception- quantifies it†¦it gives a definitive time, not some subjective date when certain sentient or reasoning qualities are met, and this lessens the confusion. But I still agree somewhat with the view held by Warren that fetuses can’t reason or fend for themselves nor (until cerebral development) do really anything other than exist. So again, I don’t think either side has a stronger case, because both Warren and Marquis have points that basically offset one another. An interesting thing that Marquis then does is go on to talk about FLO, or â€Å"future like ours†. He claims that killing deprives a person of a future that is like ours, and says that abortion is killing a fetus that will have a future like ours. Taking someone’s entire future away from them is the worst of crimes, and he argues that abortion is this kind of deprivation of future. Killing an adult is an awful thing to do because it takes away that adult’s future, a future that is of great value. The same goes for aborted fetuses- they had a future that would be valued but it was taken away from them. Warren also argues that a woman has a right to life, so she can make a decision that she sees fit, since her body belongs to her and only her. In response to this, Marquis says that, except during rape (when he believes it is permissible), a fetus has just as much of a right to life as the woman, and therefore an abortion is wrong. Marquis concludes that abortion is seriously wrong, except in unusual cases (rape, incest, and possible death of the mother). Depriving an FLO shows how wrong killing an adult is, and since fetuses have an FLO, killing them is just as bad. Warren concludes that fetuses are neither persons nor members of the moral community. She does not think that the fetus’s resemblance to a person nor the potential for becoming a person is a good enough claim to say it has an equal right to life. Marquis agrees with Warren inasmuch as the pregnancy is due to rape or other unusual condition, so there is no argument there. The argument over personhood is a much better one, and I think that both sides have a very strong position and arguments. On one side there is the lack of human traits to make a fetus a person, and on the other there is a biological definition of life which occurs at conception. It is nearly impossible to determine who’s argument is stronger, because I can see how both sides can work. As for the woman’s rights, I think again it is two-sided. Neither side really comes away with a clear-cut victory. Warren argues that a woman can do whatever she wants with her body because it is her body but Marquis suggests that that cannot include killing a fetus (with an FLO). Overall I believe that Warren has stronger arguments, although I don’t necessarily agree with them. I think it is morally correct to carry the baby for nine months and then give it up for adoption or something like that, but that is such an unbelievably huge burden to put on someone, so I can understand where an abortion might need to take place. So, I feel that Mary Anne Warren gives stronger arguments only because she explains them in much more detail, allowing the reader to at least understand where she is coming from, whereas Don Marquis just tells us what his views are with little information to back them up. Abortion is a very difficult topic to discuss or write upon, and, even though I disagree with her, I think Warren did a better job to explain what her views on abortion were and where they came from. 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Influence of Security and Trust in the Use of E-Commerce among Essay

Influence of Security and Trust in the Use of E-Commerce among Consumers in China - Essay Example M-com does influence the business activities and consumer behaviour. However, despite these factors such as ease of use and perceived value, the Chinese consumers have been slow to adopt this technology. M-com is still in its infancy in China despite a high rate of mobile phone users (Zhou, 2010). While the e-com revenues are high in China, sophisticated m-com applications are still limited despite China having a mobile subscriber base of 461 million at the end of 2006 – the highest in the world (Xu, Yan & Zheng, 2008). M-com would continue to remain a supplement to the traditional distribution channel because businesses need to develop their m-com offerings to consumers (Zhihao, 2011). Besides, not every consumer likes to shop without visiting the real stores. Investigations on the reasons need to be ascertained. Aims and objectives Several factors influence the use of m-com and these factors may differ across regions, nations and cultures. With the aim to ascertain how secur ity and trust concerns influence the intentions to use m-commerce, the objectives of the study are: To evaluate the benefits of m-com over internet shopping To evaluate the extent to which security and trust deter consumers from using m-commerce To determine the extent to which Chinese consumers use m-commerce for bill payments Literature Review Studies have been conducted on evaluating the cultural reasons why Chinese consumers have been slow in adopting m-commerce. The intentions to use m-com have been determined and Dai and Palvia (2009) found that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have significant influence on the Chinese consumers’ intention to use m-com. The study however, did not evaluate the reasons or factors that are responsible for low intentions to use e-com in China. One of the possible reasons cited by the authors is security and trust in m-com. Zhou (2010) finds that system quality and the information quality influence the perceived value and the p erceived ease of use of the Chinese consumers. Service quality impacts the level of trust that consumers have in using m-commerce. Switching costs and commitment can also influence m-com which has not been researched. Using mobile phones for financial transactions can bring many benefits to the banking sector but its usage is limited. It not only benefits the banks but also the consumers who can pay for remote purchasing but many systems had to be closed down (Cognet, 2010). Theoretical framework It thus appears that the intention to use depends to a large extent on the system quality, quality of the website and the content. The quality of these factors determines the level of trust that can influence the decision to use m-commerce. Hence the theoretical framework for the study would be based upon the elements of relationship marketing and the trust theory. Relationship marketing encompasses relational contracting and working partnerships. Successful relationship marketing requires mutual trust and commitment. This has become important as organizations realize that they have to collaborate to compete. Thus, to what extent the retailers have been able to generate trust among the consumers would be ascertained because this determines the confidence they would have in engaging in m-commerce. Research Design The youth are more

Economic Development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Economic Development - Research Paper Example Economic development is important in regard to urban planning. Vibrant economic development is deeply rooted in optimal resource allocation and coordination of productive activities in an economy. Economic development transfers these attributes to urban planning, thereby enhancing its efficacy and contribution to national goals of economic welfare. Economic development also fosters the interrelationship of different sectors of the economy. Urban planning is undertaken by metropolitan authorities under planning bodies of the larger governance. It therefore outlines an indication of the position of urban planning prior to the desired land use patterns. Policy makers have considerations to make in regard to infrastructure requirements. Diversity and dynamism of both local and international infrastructure requirements require that policy makers assess both local and international infrastructure demands in order to come up with viable plans and projects that account for these requirements in the short run and the long run (Levy 257). Social, economic and political factors should characterize policy makers’ considerations in the context of infrastructure

Juvenille ofenders in criminal court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Juvenille ofenders in criminal court - Essay Example This bias towards punishment and not rehabilitation is expressed by McCollum (as quoted in Redding 92) in support of the Federal law. The changes mean to satisfy concerns, increase juvenile justice efficiency and curb growth in juvenile offending. National transfer efforts make 2 percent of juvenile delinquency cases caused by judge’s willingness to transfer, large numbers of offenders and less treatment options in the juvenile system. J.S. Attorney General Janet Reno (as quoted in Redding 93) asserts that behind this response is unexplained delinquency characterized by sharp increment in violent index crimes. The transfer consequences for juveniles stated in Kent v. United States 1966 are longer prison sentences, loss of juvenile protective and rehabilitative possibilities, potential abuse in adult prisons and loss of rights associated with felony convictions. Other sanctions include loss of voting and firearm rights; ineligibility for military service; felony record and declaration of felony status on employment; negative influence on future criminal processing, prosecutions and sentencing; and exposure t o capital punishment. As the US Department of Justice 1999 stated (Redding 121), effects of transferring juvenile offenders have not been clear with studies showing short term actual increase in recidivism and society reintegration problems. Transfer policies must be enacted to ensure a smooth transition and justice be served in a fair manner. Purposes of transfer such as deterrence and community protection have not been achieved as formal criminal processing, conviction and sentencing seem to have little merit and many adverse consequences. Transfers don’t seem to promote community protection and decrease juvenile offender reformation (Redding 95). This means that a new approach in reference to the transfer of the juveniles must be evaluated to ensure protection of the community is enhanced by the judicial system. Penology policies to counter this

IT and Customer Relationship Management Essay Example for Free

IT and Customer Relationship Management Essay Read the Harvard Business School case for Maru Batting Center, # KEL688. The optional technical note, Using Customer Relationship Management to Analyze the Lifetime Value of a Customer #KEL695, can also help walk through the exercises. The data in Excel format is available for download in the course package, #KEL691. Answer the questions below based on only information presented in the case and your understanding of the case. You may answer the questions in either essay or bullet points form. Be concise and substantiate your answers with logical arguments and flow of thoughts. Question 1 What is the customer acquisition cost for Maru Batting Center (MBC) for the following customers? a) A Little Leaguer b) A Summer Slugger c) An Elite Ballplayer if MBC places the ad in the local baseball enthusiasts magazine d) An Elite Ballplayer if MBC purchases the List and invites all target customers to the gala event e) An Entertainment Seeker Question 2 Without discounting cash flows to take into account the time value of money, how soon will MBC break even on the following customers? a) A Little Leaguer b) A Summer Slugger c) An Elite Ballplayer if MBC places the ad in the local baseball enthusiasts magazine d) An Elite Ballplayer if MBC purchases the List and invites all target customers to the gala event e) An Entertainment Seeker Question 3 Taking into account the time value of money and assuming that 100 percent of a customer segment will have experienced attrition once the net present value of annual profits per customer falls below  ¥100, what is the lifetime value to MBC of the following customers? a) A Little Leaguer b) A Summer Slugger c) An Elite Ballplayer if MBC places the ad in the local baseball enthusiasts magazine d) An Elite Ballplayer if MBC purchases the List and invites all target customers to the gala event e) An Entertainment Seeker Question 4 Little League representatives have approached MBC from the nearby Chiyoda ward who are eager to gain the jersey subsidy the Minato ward has enjoyed due to the company’s sponsorship. Because the parents of Chiyoda Little Leaguers will have to travel a greater distance, Maru believes there will be a lower response rate (8 percent) and a lower retention rate (65 percent), which she can make up for by purchasing slightly lowerquality jerseys, reducing the cost of sponsorship to just  ¥600 per player. However, the Chiyoda ward representatives demand that theirs be the only ward receiving such a sponsorship, which means MBC must choose between the two wards. The Chiyoda representatives argue that because their ward has twice the number of Little League customers, it is more attractive than the Minato ward. Should MBC pursue the Chiyoda ward sponsorship? Explain your reasoning.

Design of Manchester Serial Data Communications Channel

Design of Manchester Serial Data Communications Channel The Design of Manchester Serial Data Communications Channel Based on Vivado (Systemverilog) Abstract As the explosive growth of wireless communication system and also with the proliferation of laptop and palmtop computers, the requirement of high quality data communication channel is also growing rapidly. By transforming line voltage frequently and proportioning to the clock rate, the Manchester coding is able to help recover the clock and data. It is now widely used in many domains. This project studies the function of the clock divider, the pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG), the shift register and the finite state machine (FSM), then comprise them together into a Manchester serial data communications channel. It is used for recovering clock signal from the encoded data. The further application is setting up a bit error rate (BER) tester to detect the condition of the whole system. If the bit error rate (BER) is high, which means the whole system is not integrated; if low, the integrality of the system is great. 1.1 Background In modern life, wireless communication develops rapidly in many aspects, especially in the communication industry. So, it has achieved lots of attention from media and public. The development of cellular phones is also swift and violent. During the whole world, the cellular phones have experienced geometric growth over the last decade and the number of cellular phone users will grows up to a billion in the foreseeable future. In fact, by replacing out-dated wireless systems, cellular phones are becoming much more widely used, and they have already played a very important role in business domain, also the indispensable part of everyday life. Besides, wired networks in many businesses and campuses are now replaced or supplemented by local area wireless networks for officers and students to use it more convenient. Numbers of new applications such as wireless sensor networks, smart homes and appliances, automated highways and factories and remote telemedicine, are becoming reality, which is a huge improvement of technology. The conditions such as the explosive growth of wireless systems and the proliferation of laptop and palmtop computers show a bright future of wireless networks, not only in independent systems but also in larger networking infrastructure. However, in order to support the required performance of emerging applications, it is quite challenging to design, analysis and solve any problems that occurs in wireless networks. With the development of wireless communication system, Manchester encoding is widely used. Due to its development at the University of Manchester, it is known as a synchronous clock encoding technique that used by the physical layer for encoding the clock and data of a synchronous bit stream. At the very first beginning, it was used to save data on the magnetic drum of the Manchester Mark one computer. In Manchester code, the binary data that need to be transmitted over the cable will not sent as a sequence of logic 0 and 1, which is also called Non Return to Zero (NRZ). However, if the bits are transformed into different format, then it will have lots of advantages than the straight binary form only like Non Return to Zero (NRZ). However, in digital transmission, noise, interference, distortion or bit synchronization errors are the main factors that affect the number of bit errors. Every time when transmitting data though a data link, there is a possibility of errors being introduced into the system. If errors are introduced into the data, which means the signal will be interfered, and the system would not be integrated. So for this situation, it is necessary to assess the performance of the system, and bit error rate (BER) provides an ideal way to achieve the requirements. The bit error rate (BER) is the number of bit errors that occurs every unit time, and the bit error ratio (BER) is defined as the number of bit errors that occurs divided by the total number of transferred bits during a controllable study time period. It is a unit less performance measure, which is always expressed in percentage form. Bit error rate (BER) assesses the full end to end performance of a system which includes the transmitter, receiver and the medium between the two. Due to this situation, bit error rate (BER) enables to test the actual performance of an operating system. It is different from other forms of assessment and works in a much better way. 1.2 Objectives Figure 1 The Diagram of Physical Components Connection The figure 1 above shows the components used in the system and the connection configuration of the system. First of all, the signal generator outputs data into the T junction chip (signal emitter) which includes the clock divider, prbsgen and the logic xor gate. Secondly, the data will be transmitted through the transmission channel which is made up by two vertical metal bars, one is LED light for transmitting data, the other is light sensor for receiving data. Thirdly, the data will be sent into the signal analysis and recover part which includes the shift register, pattdet and fsm components. Finally, the recovered signal and original data both will be sent into the oscilloscope to check the difference and make sure if the result is satisfied. The objective of this project is setting up a Manchester serial data communications channel based on the vivado operation system which using System Verilog language to match this physical system. It can be used as radio channel, bit error rate tester and etc. In this project, the application of the system is designed as a bit error rate (BER) tester. As shown in figure 2 below is the design of bit error rate tester. During a complete simulation period, once received the number of errors that occurs and total number of bits that sent, then the bit error rate is available. Figure 2 Bit Error Rate Tester Design 1.3 Theory a. Bit Error Rate Bit error rate (BER) is a key parameter that is used for transmitting digital data from one location to another in assessing systems. It is widely used to monitor the state of digital signal in different applications, such as radio data links, fibre optic data systems, Ethernet and those who transmit data through some form of networks. Generally, it affected by noise, interference and phase jitter. Although these systems work in different ways, and have disparate impact on the bit error rate, the basics of bit error rate are still the same. Every time when transmitting data though a data link, there is a possibility of errors being introduced into the system. If errors are introduced into the data, which means the signal will be interfered, and the system would not be integrated. So for this situation, it is necessary to assess the performance of the system, and bit error rate (BER) provides an ideal way to achieve the requirements. Bit error rate (BER) assesses the full end to end performance of a system including the transmitter, receiver and the medium between the two. Because of this, bit error rate (BER) enables to test the actual performance of an operating system. It is different from other forms of assessment and works in a much better way. Bit error rate (BER) is defined as the rate at which errors occur in a transmission system. It can be translated into the number of errors that occur in a string of a stated number of bits directly. The definition of bit error rate in simple formula is: If the medium between the transmitter and receiver is good and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is high, the bit error rate will become very small, which means the error barely has noticeable effect on the overall system and could be ignored. However, if the number of errors is big, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is low, and then the bit error rate needs to be considered. In another word, the system has been affected by noise. Noise and the propagation path change (radio signal paths are used) are two main reasons that cause the degradation of data channel and generate the corresponding bit error rate (BER). However the two effects affect in different ways. For example the noise following a Gaussian probability function while the propagation model follow a Rayleigh model. Which means it is very necessary using statistical analysis techniques to undertake the analysis of the channel characteristics. For fibre optic systems, bit errors usually caused by the imperfections in the components such as the optical driver, receiver, fibre and connectors that used for making the link. However it may also be introduced by optical dispersion and attenuation. Whats more, the optical receiver may detects the noise, this will also interfere the system. Typically, the fibre optical system will use sensitive photodiodes and amplifiers to respond to very small changes, and there is a possibility that high noise level will be detected. The phase jitter that present in the system is another possible factor which enable the sampling of the data altered. A number of factors are able to affect the bit error rate (BER). To optimize the system and acquire the required performance levels, it is very necessary to manipulate the controllable variables. Normally, in order to adjust the performance parameters at the initial design concept stages, this should be undertaken in the design stages of a data transmission system. Interference: The interference levels in the system are usually controlled by external factors, and can not be changed by optimizing the system design. However, the bandwidth of the system is a controllable factor. The level of interference will be reduced if the bandwidth is reduced. However the disadvantage is the achievable data throughput will be low when the bandwidth gets reduced. Increase transmitter power: To increase the power per bit, the power level of the system should be increased at the same time. Factors like the interference levels to other users and the impact of increasing the power output on the size of the power amplifier and overall power consumption and battery life, the impact of them should be reduced to help control the bit error rate (BER). Lower order modulation: Lower order modulation schemes are thinkable way to balance the bit error rate. However the achievable data throughput will reduce. Reduce bandwidth: Another adoptable approach is reducing the bandwidth of the system to reduce the bit error rate (BER). As a result, the system will receive lower levels of noise and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) will be improved. However, the achievable data throughput will reduce as well. However it is not possible to achieve all the requirements, sometimes needs to do some trade-offs. In order to achieve the required bit error rate (BER), it is very necessary to balance all the available factors. When the bit error rate (BER) is lower than expected, under the risk of receiving unsatisfied levels of error correction that are introduced into the data being transmitted, further trade-offs are still necessary. Even though it may need higher levels of error correction when sending more redundant data, but the effect of any bit errors can be masked, as a result, the overall bit error rate (BER) will improve. As radio and fibre optic system, in order to detect the indication of the performance of a data link, bit error rate (BER) is an excellent parameter for that. It is also one of the main parameter of interest in data links that detects the number of errors that occurs. Other features of the link such as the power and bandwidth, etc are able to get the performance that required after adjusting with the knowledge of the bit error rate (BER). b. Shift Register The Shift Register is another type of sequential logic circuit that can be used to save or transfer data in the form of binary numbers. It loads data that present on its inputs and then moves or shifts data to its output during every clock cycle. Basically, a shift register is comprised by numbers of single bit D-Type Data Latches, one for each data bit, either a logic 0 or a 1. The connection arrangement type is serial chain, which is able to keep turning every output from data latch become the input of the next latch. In shift register configuration, the data bits are able to work in several ways such as fed in or out from either the left or right direction one by one or all together in parallel at the same time. Usually, the most widely used construction of a single shift register is made up by eight individual data latches to match eight bits (one byte) data, which means the number of individual data latches is decided by the number of bits that need to be stored. While a shift register may comprise numbers of individual data latches, but all of them are driven by one common clock (CLK) signal, which makes those latches working synchronously. Shift registers normally used in computers or calculates for storing or transferring data. The principle of it is converting data from serial to parallel or from parallel to serial format. For example, if saving data inside computer, shift registers can store all the binary numbers before them added together. In order to set or reset the state of shift register, it always contains an additional connection with the required function. There are four different operation modes for shift register to transfer data. Serial-in to Serial out (SISO) either a left or right direction, with the same clock, the data is shifted serially IN and OUT of the register one bit at a time. The figure 3 below shows an example of it which transfer data from left to right. Figure 3 4-bit Serial-in to Serial-out Shift Register Serial-in to Parallel-out (SIPO) one bit at a time, the data is loaded in register serially, and available to output together in parallel way. The figure 4 below shows an example of it but with 4 bits data input and output and the data transferred from left to right. Figure 4 4-bit Serial-in to Parallel-out Shift Register Parallel-in to Parallel-out (PIPO) the parallel data is introduced together into the register at the same time, and then transferred to each correspondent outputs together under the same clock pulse. The figure 5 below shows an example of it with 4 bits parallel data input and output and the direction of data movement is from left to right. Figure 5 4-bit Parallel-in to Parallel-out Shift Register Parallel-in to Serial-out (PISO) the parallel data is introduced together into the register in the meantime, and then one bit at a time, shifted out serially under the control of clock. The figure 6 below shows an example of it with 4 bits data input which transfer data from left to right. Figure 6 4-bit Parallel-in to Serial-out Shift Register c. Pseudo Random Bit Sequence Generator (PRBSGEN) A random bit generator is a device or algorithm that used to output a sequence of independent and unbiased binary digits in statistics. Meanwhile, a pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) is a deterministic algorithm, which means if a truly random binary sequence of length X is given, the binary sequence output of length Y >> X would be random. The input of the pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) is normally called the seed, while the output of it is called a pseudo random bit sequence. The pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) can be used as random because the value of an element of the sequence is not related to the values of any of the other elements. However, the output of a pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) is not truly random. With all possible binary sequences of length Y, the number of possible output sequences is a small fraction maximally. After N elements, the sequence starts to repeat itself, which means it is deterministic. The aim is to receive a small truly random sequence and then expand it into a sequence with much larger length. Generally, the implementation of pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) is based on the linear feedback shift register (LFSR). The pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) makes a sequence of logic 0 and 1 under the same probability. A sequence of serial n*(2^n -1) bits use one data pattern, and this pattern will repeat itself over time. In the Manchester serial data communications channel, the pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) is implemented in System Verilog programming language, and used to sample two bit input data and managed through a logic xor gate, then introduce the result into the first bit of the sequence as the feedback. The output of the pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) was taken from all the nine bits of the shift register. The feedback connections of the pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) are shown in appendix A. As a result, the output of the pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) cycles between 0 to 511. Figure 7 Principle of Pseudo Random Bit Sequence Generator (PRBSG) d. Manchester Coding The Manchester coding is well known because of the development in the University of Manchester. It is used to save data on the magnetic drum of the Manchester mark one computer. In signal transmission domain, Manchester coding is widely used. However in order to achieve the same data rate but less bandwidth, the more complex codes are created such as 8B/10B encoding. Meanwhile the disadvantages of them are in the transmitter device, not able to have high tolerant of frequency errors and jitter, and receiver reference clocks. The worst problem is the Manchester encoding is not suitable for higher data rate because it will introduce some difficult frequency errors into the system. But the advantage of Manchester coding is helping recover the clock by transforming line voltage frequently, which is proportional to the clock rate directly. It is very convenient to transmit data by media like Ethernet without a DC component because the DC component of encoded signal is not determined by the data that transmitted, which means no information will be transmitted in signal. The figure 8 below shows the principles of Manchester coding, which are: Each bit is transmitted once a period. Logic 0 expresses a low-to-high transition, logic 1 expresses a high-to-low transition. At the midpoint of a period, logic 0 or 1 will be interconverted. The transformation at the beginning of a period does not mean the data. Figure 8 Principle of Manchester Encoding Figure 9 The Circuit Design    The figure 9 above is the complete design of whole circuit. All the components that required comprising a Manchester serial data communications channel are designed successfully. The data will be divided in the clock divider (Divclk) component, sampled in the pseudo random bit sequence generator (Prbsgen) component, and then altered into Manchester signal by a logic xor gate, through the transmission channel, the data will be sent into the shift register, combine into 10 bits DATA signal, after analysed in the Pattdet component, 4 states will be sent into finite state machine (FSM) component and be recovered as the signal of RBC and RNRZ. In this system the clock frequency is 100MHZ and the reset will set at logic 1 before the system work. The programs of all components used in the system are shown below. Figure 10 Clock Divider Program The figure 10 above is the click divider program. This component is designed for dividing the clock signal into two different clock signal div_out and div_out2. These two output signals are shown in figure 13. In which the signal div_out gets one clock of high pulse every 10 clocks, the frequency is 10MHZ, and works as the specific input o the Prbsgen component. While signal div_out2 gets 5 clocks of high pluses per 5 clocks, also the frequency is 10MHZ. Figure 11 Prbsgen Program The figure 11 above is the Prbsgen program. It works as a pseudo-random bit sequence generator, which records 10 bits of data each clock, when signal div_out gets high impulse, sampling the 4th and 8th data into a logic xor gate and then put the result into the 1st data position as the feedback of the sampling function. Finally, output the prbs signal (as shown in figure 7) or NRZ signal (in figure 13). Figure 12 Logic Xor Gate Program The figure 12 above is the logic xor gate program. In order to combine the NRZ and Bit_clk signal together and output the signal T (Manchester code) which is shown in figure 13 below. When NRZ gets high and Bit_clk gets low, output Manchester is high; when NRZ gets high and Bit_clk gets high, Manchester is low; when NRZ gets low and Bit_clk gets high, Manchester is high; when NRZ gets low and Bit_clk gets low, Manchester is low. Figure 13 Manchester Signal As the figure 13 shown, the clock divider, the pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG), and logic xor gate all work well, the output signal div_out and div_out2 are both divided as required, while the prbs signal (NRZ) is as expected and the T signal (Manchester code) is the same as the signal that xors with div_out2 and prbs (NRZ) signal. Figure 14 Transmission Delay Program The figure 14 above is the transmission delay program. It is used to simulate the data transmission delay during the real life. Normally, errors like noise, interference and phase jitter are introduced into the data through this part, while the time of transmission delay depends on the distance between the signal emitter and receiver. In this system, the parameter of time delay set at 1.5e-6 in seconds. Figure 15 Shift Register Program The figure 15 above is the signal register program. The function of it is compressing and storing the Manchester data and then transfer into pattdet component. It starts working only when reset is logic 0, input en is logic 1. Figure 16 DATA Signal The output of 10 bits data (DATA) is the same as required, which means the program of shift register works well. Figure 17 Pattdet Program The figure 17 above is the pattdet program. It is used for analysing the DATA signal, and the output follows the principle which shown in table 1 below. Data 00000 00000 00000 11111 11111 00000 11111 11111 State S1 10h3EQ S2 10h01F S3 10h3FF S4 10h000 Table 1 The Working Principle of Pattdet Component Figure 18 4 States From figure 18 above, 4 states of s1, s2, s3, s4 are outputted separately and successfully. Figure 19 Finite State Machine (FSM) Program The figure 19 above is the finite state machine (FSM) program. The function of it is analysing the 4 states and recovering the bit_clk, bit_EN and NRZ signal, and the principle of it is shown in below figure 20. From the figure 20, when signal NRZ turns to logic 0 from logic 0, state s1 turns to s2; when signal NRZ turns to logic 1 from logic 0, state s1 turns to s4; when signal NRZ turns to logic 1 from logic 1, state s2 turns to s1; when signal NRZ turns to logic 0 from logic 1, state s2 turns to s3. Figure 20 The Principle Of FSM Figure 21 The Bit Error Rate Tester (BERT) Program The figure 21 above is the catalogue program of bit error rate tester. It contains the clock divider, prbsgen, encoder (logic xor gate), shift register, pattdet and fsm program file. Figure 22 The Test Bench Program The figure 22 above is the test bench program. It defines all the factors in the system and especially the period of reset and clock. Figure 23 The Implemented Design This is the implemented design figure, which shows the service condition of devices. Figure 24 The Schematic Design Figure 25 The Detailed Figure of FSM The figure 25 above is the schematic design which shows the real used state of every component. However, the part of clock divider and pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) is not satisfied one. The problem may be caused by the vivado operation system software issue or the definition of clock divider and pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG) is not recognised by the software. The Manchester serial data communications channel built up successfully. In figure 26, the signal RBC, RNRZ and RBE are all recovered, just the same as the original signal bit_clk, NRZ and bit_en but with some time delay. The next objective is developing applications for the Manchester serial data communications channel. The chosen target is a bit error rate tester. By setting up a noise component for introducing random noise into the Manchester signal and then an error counter inside the finite state machine (FSM) for counting the number of errors that occurs and the total number of bits sent. As a result, the bit error rate (BER) will be able to count in the system. Figure 26 Recovered RNRZ and RBC Signal The figure 26 above is the final simulation result. Signal of recovered non return to zero (RNRZ), recovered bit_clock (RBC) and recovered bit_en (RBE) are all the same as their original data but with time delays. Figure 27 The Signal of Input and Recovered From the figure 27 above, the recovered signal is almost the same as the original input data. These two figures prove the design of Manchester serial data communications channel is successful. After setting up this communication channel, the next step is developing applications for further requirements. The theory of pseudo random bit sequence generator (PRBSG), Manchester coding, shift register and bit error rate are proved to be feasible. This project is a great opportunity to practise from research ideas to concrete systems. With the explosive growth of wireless communication system, Ciletti, M. (2011). Advanced digital design with the Verilog HDL. 1st ed. Boston: Prentice Hall. (Accessed: October 9 2016). Menezes, A., Van Oorschot, P. and Vanstone, S. (1997). Handbook of applied cryptography. 1st ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, p.chapter. Available at: http://cacr.uwaterloo.ca/hac/about/chap5.pdf (Accessed: December 25 2016). MUKHERJEE, S. and PANDEY, R. (2007). DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRBS GENERATOR USING VHDL. bachelor. Department of Electronics Communication Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/42e7/490ec8905ea8afe618c6882f2b050ece2ae4.pdf (Accessed: October 14 2016). Malviya, S. and Kumari, P. (2014). Implementation of Pseudo-Noise Sequence Generator on FPGA Using Verilog. [online] Dept of Electronics and Communication, Sobhasaria Group of Institution, Sikar, Rajasthan. Available at: https://www.ripublication.com/irph/ijeee_spl/ijeeev7n8_16.pdf [Accessed